Analyzing sustainable city characteristics in Indonesia using ISM-MICMAC: An environmental, social, and economic perspective
Main Article Content
Abstract
The rapid process of urbanization in Indonesia is resulting in increasing environmental, social, and economic pressures in urban areas. The present study identifies and structures the interrelationships among sustainable-city characteristics through a source-identification process that combines five foundational urban-sustainability sources with a cross-check against recent journal literature, Sustainable Development Goal 11, ISO 37120, and Indonesian policy documents. A total of eight academic experts were tasked with validating 32 candidate characteristics. To this end, they employed the item-level Content Validity Index and assessed pairwise relationships for Interpretive Structural Modeling and MICMAC analysis. Eighteen characteristics were retained. The final reachability matrix contained 319 of the 324 possible links (98.5% density), and all factors fell within the linkage quadrant. This concentration reflects dense reciprocal judgments and transitive closure, as opposed to equal causal importance. The identification of integrated waste management, energy-efficient buildings, resource-efficient infrastructure, and the green economic transition as practical entry points for coordinated urban sustainability policy is facilitated by ISM levels and raw driving-dependence scores.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright
Open Access authors retain the copyrights of their papers, and all open access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.
While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its going to press, neither the authors, the editors, nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
1. U. N. Publications, World urbanization prospects: the 2018 revision, UN, 2019.
2. S. Chen, et al., Navigating urban human settlement sustainability: a multi-indicator assessment based on sustainable development goal 11, J. Clean. Prod. 472 (2024) 143509.
3. V. Cheng, Understanding density and high density, in: Designing High-Density Cities for Social and Environmental Sustainability, 2010, pp. 3–17.
4. I. Manisalidis, et al., Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: a review, Front. Public Health 8 (2020).
5. S. Indonesia, Mid year population (thousand people), 2022–2024, (2024).
6. E. Dyah, 52% penduduk ada di perkotaan, Bamsoet dorong tingkatkan pembangunan desa, (2024).
7. S. Indonesia, Population density by province (person/sq.km), 2021, (2023).
8. R. Prihatin, Alih fungsi lahan di perkotaan (studi kasus di Kota Bandung dan Yogyakarta), J. Aspirasi 6 (2016) 105–118.
9. U. N. H. S. P. (UN-Habitat), Planning sustainable cities: global report on human settlements 2009, 1st ed., 2009.
10. S. Bibri and J. Krogstie, Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review, Sustain. Cities Soc. 31 (2017).
11. M. Batty, et al., Smart cities of the future, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 214 (2012) 481–518.
12. C. O’Driscoll, et al., Land-use mixing in Irish cities: implications for sustainable development, Land Use Policy 128 (2023) 106615.
13. J. Clement, B. Ruysschaert and N. Crutzen, Smart city strategies – a driver for the localization of the sustainable development goals?, Ecol. Econ. 213 (2023) 107941.
14. S. Kufeoglu, SDG-11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, (2022) 385–408.
15. T. Spiri-Ferreira, et al., Sustainable cities in the light of ISO 37120 and 37101 standards: a systematic review and the contribution of a theoretical framework, Urban Sci. 9 (2025) 368.
16. G. N. L. Stowers, Managing the Sustainable City, 1st ed., Routledge, 2017.
17. Pollalis, Planning Sustainable Cities: An infrastructure-based approach, 1st ed., Routledge, 2016.
18. M. Fragoso, Reimagining sustainable cities: strategies for designing greener, healthier, more equitable communities, por Stephen M. Wheeler e Christina D. Rosan, Finisterra (2024) 125–129.
19. R. Smardon, Worldwatch Institute: can a city be sustainable?, J. Environ. Stud. Sci. 6 (2016).
20. M. Jenks and C. Jones, Dimensions of the Sustainable City, (2010).
21. R. o. Indonesia, Presidential Regulation No. 111 of 2022 on the Implementation of the Achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, (2022).
22. R. o. Indonesia, Government Regulation No. 21 of 2021 on the Implementation of Spatial Planning, (2021).
23. J. Smith, et al., Content validity index for the readiness for hospital discharge scale in the skilled nursing facility setting, Geriatr. Nurs. 59 (2024) 346–350.
24. S. Tsang, C. F. Royse and A. S. Terkawi, Guidelines for developing, translating, and validating a questionnaire in perioperative and pain medicine, Saudi J. Anaesth. 11 (2017) S80–S89.
25. M. S. B. Yusoff, ABC of Content Validation and Content Validity Index Calculation, Educ. Med. J. 11 (2019) 49–54.
26. V. Zamanzadeh, et al., Design and Implementation Content Validity Study: Development of an instrument for measuring Patient-Centered Communication, J. Caring Sci. 4 (2015) 165–178.
27. T. K. Koo and M. Y. Li, A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research, J. Chiropr. Med. 15 (2016) 155–163.
28. T. J. Atchley, et al., Hannover Classification of Vestibular Schwannomas: A Reliability Study, World Neurosurg. 158 (2022) e179–e183.
29. R. Attri, N. Dev and V. Sharma, Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) approach: An Overview, (2013).
30. M. Bouzon, K. Govindan and C. M. T. Rodriguez, Reducing the extraction of minerals: Reverse logistics in the machinery manufacturing industry sector in Brazil using ISM approach, Resour. Policy 46 (2015) 27–36.
31. R. Sindhwani and V. Malhotra, An integrated approach for implementation of agile manufacturing system in an Indian manufacturing industry, Benchmarking Int. J. 25 (2018) 1106–1120.
32. X. Gan, et al., Barriers to the transition towards off-site construction in China: An Interpretive structural modeling approach, J. Clean. Prod. (2018).
33. V. Rangasamy and J.-B. Yang, Interpreting Crucial Barriers to Advancing Prefabricated Construction: An Empirical Study in Taiwan Using ISM-MICMAC Approach, J. Clean. Prod. 489 (2025) 144702.
34. J.-K. Chen, An extension of importance-performance analysis method: integrated with fuzzy MICMAC, Int. J. Serv. Oper. Informatics 9 (2018) 83.
35. F. Fingki, T. Sundari and H. Silva, Implementasi Konsep Hemat Energi Pada Bangunan City Hotel Di Kota Dumai, J. Tek. 13 (2020) 145–152.
36. F. Tahmasbi, et al., Energy-Efficient Building Façades: A Comprehensive Review of Innovative Technologies and Sustainable Strategies, J. Build. Eng. 99 (2024) 111643.
37. A. Sumaryana, S. Komara and R. Pancasilawan, Organizational Capacity in Implementing the “Kang Pisman” Program: A Case Study of Waste Management in Bandung City, J. Ecohumanism 4 (2025).